Differences in decisions affected by cognitive biases: examining human values, need for cognition, and numeracy.

A better understanding of factors that can affect preferences and choices may contribute to more accurate decision-making. Several studies have investigated the effects of cognitive biases on decision-making and their relationship with cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions. While studies on behaviour, attitude, personality, and health worries have examined their relationship with human values, research on cognitive bias has not investigated its relationship to individual differences in human values. The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in biased choices, examining the relationships of the human values self-direction, conformity, power, and universalism with the anchoring effect, the framing effect, the certainty effect, and the outcome bias, as well as the mediation of need for cognition and the moderation of numeracy in these relationships. We measured individual differences and within-participant effects with an online questionnaire completed by 409 Brazilian participants, with an age range from 18 to 80 years, 56.7% female, and 43.3% male. The cognitive biases studied consistently influenced choices and preferences. However, the biases showed distinct relationships with the individual differences investigated, indicating the involvement of diverse psychological mechanisms. For example, people who value more self-direction were less affected only by anchoring. Hence, people more susceptible to one bias were not similarly susceptible to another. This can help in research on how to weaken or strengthen cognitive biases and heuristics.

COVID-19 pandemic and tourism: The impact of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions.

Understanding tourist behavior during and after major tourism crises is essential to help destinations recover. The COVID-19 pandemic - a period of uncertainty and risk - makes it relevant to assess factors that influence travel intentions. There has been little research on tourist behavior during health crises and, in particular, on perceived health risk and uncertainty effects on travel intentions. This study was carried out at the beginning of the pandemic in Brazil and aims to investigate the role of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions for 2020 and 2021. We applied an online survey to 1150 Brazilian participants from April to May 2020. Our findings indicate that perceived COVID-19 severity, perceived probability of infection, and expected duration of the pandemic are significant predictors of travel intentions for both years. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of crisis-resistant tourists' characteristics and provides insights for destinations' recovery.

COVID-19 as an undesirable political issue: Conspiracy beliefs and intolerance of uncertainty predict adhesion to prevention measures.

Conspiracy theories thrive in moments of crises because they provide straightforward answers that assist individuals in coping with threats. The COVID-19 outbreak is such a crisis and is boosted by the political turmoil related to the politicization of the pandemic in some countries. To assess the role of political partisanship, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and conspiracy beliefs in our two criterion variables (support for COVID-19 prevention measures and compliance with social distancing), we applied an online questionnaire to 662 participants. Our results indicate direct effects of political partisanship on support for COVID-19 prevention measures and non-compliance with social distancing while IU has not directly affected any of them. We have also found a significant effect of political partisanship on conspiracy theory dimensions involving personal wellbeing (PW) and control of information (CI) but not government malfeasance (GM) ones. Moreover, beliefs in CI theories predicted non-compliance with social distancing. Intolerance of uncertainty, on its turn, predicted the three dimensions of conspiracy beliefs. As to interaction effects, belief in GM, PW, and CI conspiracy theories moderated the effect of political partisanship on support for COVID-19 prevention measures whereas only belief in GM and PW theories moderated the effect of IU on past non-compliance with social distancing. Overall, our results suggest the relevance of diminishing politicization around the virus, providing basic scientific knowledge to the general population, and assisting individuals in coping with uncertainty. Besides, these findings provide insights into developing information campaigns to instruct the population to cope with the pandemic, producing behavioral change at societal and individual levels.

Differences in decisions affected by cognitive biases: examining human values, need for cognition, and numeracy

Abstract A better understanding of factors that can affect preferences and choices may contribute to more accurate decision-making. Several studies have investigated the effects of cognitive biases on decision-making and their relationship with cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions. While studies on behaviour, attitude, personality, and health worries have examined their relationship with human values, research on cognitive bias has not investigated its relationship to individual differences in human values. The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in biased choices, examining the relationships of the human values self-direction, conformity, power, and universalism with the anchoring effect, the framing effect, the certainty effect, and the outcome bias, as well as the mediation of need for cognition and the moderation of numeracy in these relationships. We measured individual differences and within-participant effects with an online questionnaire completed by 409 Brazilian participants, with an age range from 18 to 80 years, 56.7% female, and 43.3% male. The cognitive biases studied consistently influenced choices and preferences. However, the biases showed distinct relationships with the individual differences investigated, indicating the involvement of diverse psychological mechanisms. For example, people who value more self-direction were less affected only by anchoring. Hence, people more susceptible to one bias were not similarly susceptible to another. This can help in research on how to weaken or strengthen cognitive biases and heuristics.

Adaptation of the Learned Helplessness Scale in Brazil / Adaptação da Escala de Desamparo Aprendido no Brasil

Abstract The present study aimed to adapt the Learned Helplessness Scale (LHS) to Brazilian Portuguese and assess its psychometric properties and nomological network in a Brazilian sample. Participants completed an online survey that consisted of the LHS, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale. 429 people participated, aged 18-79, mostly women, from multiple regions of Brazil and socioeconomic status. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested a unidimensional solution with 18 items as appropriate. Correlations between the LHS and the other instruments also provided evidence of the expected nomological relationships. And we assessed the differences in LHS scores by sociodemographic data. These findings are favorable to the use of this instrument in Brazilian samples.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo adaptar a Escala de Desamparo Aprendido (LHS) para português e avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas e rede nomológica em uma amostra brasileira. Os participantes preencheram um formulário online que consistia na LHS, na Escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg e na Escala de Estresse Percebido. 429 pessoas participaram, com idades entre 18 e 79 anos, a maioria mulheres, de múltiplas regiões do Brasil e níveis socioeconômicos. As Análises Fatoriais Exploratória e Confirmatória sugeriram uma solução unidimensional com 18 itens como apropriada. As correlações entre a LHS e os outros instrumentos forneceram evidências da validade nomológica esperada. E diferenças nas pontuações da LHS por dados sociodemográficos foram avaliadas. Tais achados foram favoráveis ao uso deste instrumento no Brasil.

Cultural Syndromes in a Changing World: A Longitudinal Investigation of Brazilian Jeitinho Social Problem-Solving Strategies.

We report a longitudinal study of Jeitinho brasileiro (salient cultural characteristic of Brazil) during a period of significant political instability. Previous historical and anthropological sources have pointed to the importance of political instability for cultural changes in behaviors such as jeitinho. We are the first to examine possible individual-level dynamics over time, reporting a 3-year longitudinal study (N = 205) of two dimensions that differentiate keeping a socially pleasant social climate (simpatia) from trickery and breaking social norms. Using longitudinal network analysis, we found (a) reinforcing links between behavioral nodes within each of these two jeitinho clusters over time, (b) few between-cluster links, (c) within-person and between-person components were distinct, and (d) only the between-person structure resembled the overall factor structure. Overall, our data show that cultural behaviors are systematically changing during a political crisis, offering first insights how cultural systems may change via shifts in individual behavior.

Values and COVID-19 worries: The importance of emotional stability traits.

We examined the relationship between emotional stability as a more stable personality trait and COVID-related worries with basic human values in a Brazilian sample (N = 578) that is strongly affected by COVID-19. We tested whether emotional stability would moderate the effect of infection and economic worries on personal values. In line with predictions, we found that infection worries were more strongly related to Security values, especially among individuals with less emotional stability, whereas economic worries were more strongly correlated with Power values, in particular among individuals with less emotional stability. Findings for Achievement values suggested perceived behavioral control effects for individuals high in Emotional Stability. Our findings provide insights into possible longer-term psychological effects of the current pandemic. Emotional dynamics in connection with worries created by the pandemic could influence values of importance for societal functioning in the short to medium term.

Do advertising pieces that portray brazilian jeitinho influence dishonest behavior? / Peças publicitárias que retratam jeitinho brasileiro Iinfluenciam o comportamento desonesto? / ¿ Los anuncios publicitarios que retratan al jeitinho brasileño influyen en el comportamiento deshonesto?

This research aimed at investigating whether watching Brazilian advertising pieces that portray a sociocultural behavioral pattern called Brazilian jeitinho would influence participant's subsequent behavior. One carried out an experiment in which 200 subjects watched and assessed three advertisement pieces. Upon recruitment, participants were informed that they would be taking part in a raffle for a gift card. The number of tickets received per participant was defined by a die-under-cup task. The more tickets they obtained, the higher the chance to receive the prize, providing an incentive to cheat. Afterwards, respondents took part in a task that defined the number of tickets that each would receive to participate in the raffle. Independent variables consisted in the manipulation of priming of jeitinho (video content: jeitinho or neutral) and privacy of the task (with or without privacy). On the other hand, the dependent variable consisted in the result obtained when participants rolled the dices that defined the number of tickets. One found a significant difference between the groups in which privacy was manipulated, indicating that the groups that performed the task aimed at measuring dishonesty with privacy actually tended to report lower values than the ones actually obtained, entailing an effect of contrast. This finding suggests that the implementation of public policies that utilize propaganda that portrays Brazilian jeitinho could reduce engagement in dishonest behavior among Brazilians. (AU)

Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar se assistir a peças publicitárias nacionais representativas de um padrão de comportamento sociocultural do Brasil, o jeitinho brasileiro, influenciaria o comportamento subsequente dos participantes. Realizou-se um experimento no qual 200 participantes assistiram e avaliariam três anúncios publicitários. Ao serem recrutados, os participantes foram informados de que estariam concorrendo a um sorteio de um vale-presente. O número de tickets do sorteio foi definido por uma tarefa que consistiu em jogar um dado dentro de um copo. Quanto mais tickets obtivessem, maior a chance de ganhar o prêmio, criando-se um incentivo para trapacear. As variáveis independentes constituíram a manipulação da pré-ativação (priming) de jeitinho (conteúdo das peças: jeitinho ou neutro) e da privacidade da tarefa (com ou sem privacidade). Já a variável dependente consistiu no resultado obtido ao jogar dados para definir o número de tickets. Encontrou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos para manipulação de privacidade, indicando que os participantes que realizaram a tarefa de mensuração de desonestidade com privacidade tenderam a reportar valores menores do que os que realmente obtiveram no sorteio, ocasionando um efeito de contraste. Esse achado sugere que a implementação de políticas públicas utilizando propagandas que retratem o jeitinho brasileiro podem reduzir o engajamento em comportamento desonesto entre os brasileiros. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar si ver anuncios publicitarios brasileños que retratan a un patrón de comportamiento sociocultural denominado jeitinho brasileño influiría en el comportamiento posterior de los participantes. Se realizó un experimento donde 200 individuos vieron y evaluaron tres anuncios publicitarios. Al ser reclutados, se les informó a los participantes que se realizaría un sorteo de una tarjeta de regalo. El número de boletos de cada participante fue definido mediante una tarea que consistía en lanzar un dado a una taza. Cuantos más boletos obtuvieron, mayor fue la posibilidad de recibir el premio, lo que ofreció un incentivo para hacer posibles trampas. Posteriormente, los encuestados participaron en una tarea que definió la cantidad de boletos que cada uno recibiría para participar en el sorteo del premio. Las variables independientes consistieron en la manipulación de la preactivación (priming) de jeitinho (contenido de los videos: jeitinho o neutro) y de la privacidad de la tarea (con o sin privacidad). Por otro lado, la variable dependiente consistió en el resultado obtenido cuando los participantes lanzaron los dados que definían el número de boletos. Se encontró una diferencia significativa entre los grupos en los que se manipuló la privacidad, lo que indica que en los grupos que realizaron la tarea dirigida a medir la deshonestidad con privacidad, en realidad tendían a informar valores más bajos que los que realmente obtuvieron, lo que conlleva un efecto de contraste. Este resultado sugiere que la implementación de políticas públicas utilizando propaganda que retrata al jeitinho brasileño podría reducir la participación en conductas deshonestas entre los brasileños. (AU)

Traços de personalidade como preditores da percepção de futuro da aposentadoria / Personality traits as predictors of the future perception of retirement / Rasgos de personalidad como predictores de la percepción futura de la jubilación

O envelhecimento primário é percebido de forma diferente por cada indivíduo, assim como a percepção de futuro de sua aposentadoria. Este estudo quantitativo investigou a existência de um padrão significativo de características individuais e traços de personalidade relacionados à percepção de futuro da aposentadoria, identificando-os como preditores de comportamento presente em potenciais consumidores de produtos de natureza previdenciária. Os instrumentos foram respondidos de forma eletrônica, sendo considerados para o estudo 11.725 indivíduos com idade entre 20 e 65 anos (M = 42,11; DP = 11,54). A Conscienciosidade apresentou, dentre os traços de personalidade, o maior nível de correlação com a variável que investiga a perspectiva de tempo futuro relativa à aposentadoria. As análises de regressão apresentaram resultados significativos para as variáveis Percepção de Futuro da Aposentadoria e para o traço de personalidade Conscienciosidade, como preditores do comportamento de consumidores de planos de aposentadoria complementar.

Primary aging is perceived differently by each individual, as is the perception of the future of their own retirement. This quantitative study investigated the existence of a significant pattern of individual characteristics and personality traits related to the future perception of retirement, identifying them as predictors of behavior in potential consumers of pension plans. The instruments were answered electronically. and 11,712 individuals aged between 20 and 65 years old were considered for the study (M = 42.11; SD = 11.54). Conscientiousness presented, among the personality traits, the highest level of correlation with the variable that investigates the future time perspective related to retirement. The regression analysis showed significant results for the variables retirement future perception and for the conscientious personality trait, as predictors of behavior for consumers of pension plans.

El envejecimiento primario es percibido de manera diferente por cada individuo, bien como la percepción futura de su jubilación. Este estudio cuantitativo investigó la existencia de un patrón significativo de características individuales y rasgos de personalidad relacionados con la percepción futura de la jubilación, identificándolos como predictores del comportamiento presente en consumidores potenciales de productos de pensiones. Los instrumentos fueron respondidos electrónicamente y se consideraron para el estudio 11,712 individuos entre 20 y 65 años (M = 42.11; SD = 11.54). La estabilidad emocional presentó, entre los rasgos de personalidad, el nivel más alto de correlación con la variable que investiga la perspectiva del tiempo futuro relacionada con la jubilación. Análisis de regresión mostraron resultados significativos para las variables percepción futura de jubilación y para el rasgo de personalidad estabilidad emocional, como predictores del comportamiento de los consumidores de planes de jubilación.

Translation and adaptation of the Social Connectedness Scale to portuguese / Tradução e adaptação da Escala de Conectividade Social para o português / Traducción y adaptación de la Escala de Conectividad Social para el portugués

The goal of the present study was to adapt the social connectedness scale (SCS) to Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate its psychometric properties. A survey was conducted with 222 participants. They answered the SCS, the positive and negative affective schedule (PANAS), the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), two pictorial measures of social connectedness, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. The original one factor solution was supported by the data. The SCS-derived score was significantly associated with the other measures in the expected directions. The results described in the present study are favorable regarding the internal consistency and evidence of validity of SCS scores. The study offers three social connectedness measures that can be used to investigate the impacts of social connectedness on cognition, behavior and health of Brazilians. (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi adaptar a Escala de Conectividade Social (SCS) para o português brasileiro e avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas. Um levantamento de dados foi realizado com 222 participantes. Eles responderam à SCS, o Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS), o Índice de Religião da Duke University (DUREL), duas medidas pictóricas de conectividade social e um questionário sociodemográfico. A solução original de um fator foi apoiada pelos dados. O escore derivado da SCS esteve significativamente associado com as outras medidas nas direções esperadas. Os resultados descritos no presente estudo são favoráveis quanto à consistência interna e à evidência de validade dos escores da SCS. O estudo oferece três medidas de conectividade social que poderão ser usadas para investigar os impactos da conectividade social na cognição, comportamento e saúde dos brasileiros. (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue adaptar la escala de conectividad social (SCS) para el portugués brasileño y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. Se realizó una encuesta de datos con 222 participantes. La muestra respondió al SCS, el positive and negative affective schedule (PANAS), el Índice de Religión de la Universidad de Duke (DUREL), dos medidas pictóricas de conectividad social, además de un cuestionario sociodemográfico. La solución original de un factor fue respaldada por los datos. Los resultados derivados de la SCS se asociaron significativamente con las otras medidas en las direcciones esperadas. Los resultados descritos en el presente estudio son favorables con respecto a la consistencia interna y la evidencia de validez de los escores de la SCS. El estudio ofrece tres medidas de conectividad social que se pueden utilizar para investigar los impactos de la conectividad social en la cognición, el comportamiento y la salud de los brasileños. (AU)

"Why are the Corrupt, Corrupt?": The Multilevel Analytical Model of Corruption.

Corruption is a global problem. Despite the importance of this theme, a shortage of theoretical models in both psychology and related areas that favor its understanding and investigation is noted. Due to this scarcity of theoretical models, in addition to the need to systematize studies on the topic, this theoretical article aims to describe the Analytical Model of Corruption (AMC) as an interdisciplinary and multilevel proposal aimed at corruption analysis. To achieve this goal, the concept of corruption was analyzed using related phenomena as reference. Similarities and differences in corruption have been identified with dishonest behavior and unethical behavior. Subsequently, theoretical models on corruption identified in the literature were presented, and their main characteristics and limitations were pointed out. After describing the models, the AMC was presented and its advantages over the previous models were discussed. Finally, it was concluded that the AMC could be configured as a theoretical model that guides interdisciplinary studies on corruption, allowing for a more complete analysis compared to previous theoretical models identified in the literature.

Questionable research practices among Brazilian psychological researchers: Results from a replication study and an international comparison.

Research on scientific integrity is growing in psychology, and questionable research practices (QRPs) have received more attention due to its harmful effect on science. By replicating the procedures of previous research, the present study aimed at describing the use of QRPs among Brazilian psychological researchers and to make an international comparison with previous studies in other countries-the US and Italy. Two hundred and thirty-two Brazilian researchers in the field of psychology answered questions related to 10 different QRPs. Brazilian researchers indicated a lower tendency to engage in two QRPs (failing to report all of a study's dependent measures; deciding whether to collect more data after looking to see whether the results were significant) when compared to their Italian and North American counterparts, but indicated a higher tendency to engage in two other QRPs (selectively reporting studies that "worked"; not reporting all of a study's conditions). Most of the sample did not admit integrity conflicts in their own research but indicated that others have integrity problems, as observed in previous studies. Those discrepancies could be attributed to contextual and systemic factors regarding different publication demands among the different nations. Further studies should focus on identifying the antecedents of QRPs.

"Why are the corrupt, corrupt?": the multilevel analytical model of corruption

Corruption is a global problem. Despite the importance of this theme, a shortage of theoretical models in both psychology and related areas that favor its understanding and investigation is noted. Due to this scarcity of theoretical models, in addition to the need to systematize studies on the topic, this theoretical article aims to describe the Analytical Model of Corruption (AMC) as an interdisciplinary and multilevel proposal aimed at corruption analysis. To achieve this goal, the concept of corruption was analyzed using related phenomena as reference. Similarities and differences in corruption have been identified with dishonest behavior and unethical behavior. Subsequently, theoretical models on corruption identified in the literature were presented, and their main characteristics and limitations were pointed out. After describing the models, the AMC was presented and its advantages over the previous models were discussed. Finally, it was concluded that the AMC could be configured as a theoretical model that guides interdisciplinary studies on corruption, allowing for a more complete analysis compared to previous theoretical models identified in the literature

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Between simpatia and malandragem: Brazilian jeitinho as an individual difference variable.

Culture-specific behaviour strategies provide an interesting window into individual differences research, producing a richer conceptualization of personality descriptions. Our aim is to describe the personality dimensions linked to a core socio-cultural behaviour pattern in Brazil: jeitinho. To reach this goal we conducted four studies. Our first set of studies (1a, 1b and 1c) examined the underlying structure of jeitinho as an individual difference variable and its nomological network with social values, the Big-Five, moral attitudes, and social dominance orientation. In Study 2, we confirm this structure and relate personal jeitinho to perceptions of jeitinho norms. Results demonstrated that personal jeitinho has two dimensions: Jeitinho Simpático is an individual's tendency to seek positive social interactions, avoid conflict, and find creative solutions; and Jeitinho Malandro captures behaviours such as the use of deception and trickery. These two behaviours are rooted in the same dimensions of the integrated model of values and personality.

Nossos erros me afetam? Efeito de informações negativas na identificação com endogrupo e na autoestima / Nos erreurs me touchent? Effet des informations négatives sur l'identification avec endogroupe et l'estime de soi / Nuestros errores me afectan? Efecto de la información negativa sobre la identificación con el grupo y en la autoestima / Do our mistakes affect me? Effect of negative information in ingroup identification and self-esteem

Resumo Teorias clássicas sobre consistência cognitiva recentemente têm sido exploradas enquanto processos não apenas intraindividuais, mas influenciados por aspectos grupais. Tendo em vista a tendência humana ao enaltecimento pessoal e grupal e a teoria unificada de cognição social implícita, informações negativas a respeito do endogrupo têm potencial de gerar inconsistência por meio da dissonância cognitiva e de desbalanceamento. Para testar as funções protetivas da consistência cognitiva diante das ameaças à avaliação positiva do endogrupo, 156 participantes passaram por pré e pós-teste de autoestima e por manipulação experimental de ameaça ou neutra. Não houve diferença significativa na autoestima dos participantes, nem no estado afetivo. Nos grupos experimentais, embora apontassem os comportamentos como negativos, muitos alegaram ser esperteza e jeitinho brasileiro. Pesquisas sobre dissonância apontam que, quando o objeto da redação contra-atitudinal é uma norma cultural, os efeitos da dissonância e a possibilidade de mudança de atitude são minimizados. Resultados serão discutidos.

Résumé Les théories classiques de la cohérence cognitive ont été récemment exploré les processus non seulement intra-individuelle, mais influencé par les aspects de groupe. Compte tenu de la tendance humaine à agrandissement personnel et de groupe et théorie unifiée de la cognition sociale implicite, des informations négatives sur l'endogroupe a le potentiel pour générer incohérence en dissonance cognitive et de déséquilibre. Pour tester les fonctions de protection de la cohérence cognitive contre les menaces à l'évaluation positive de l'endogroupe, 156 participants ont subi l'estime de soi pré- et post-test et manipulation expérimentale de la menace ou neutre. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans l'estime de soi des participants, ou l'état affectif. Dans les groupes expérimentaux, bien que les comportements pointus comme négatif, beaucoup prétendu être moyen ruse et jeitinho brasileiro. La recherche sur la dissonance souligner que lorsque l'attitude contre l'écriture de l'objet est une norme culturelle, les effets de la dissonance et la possibilité d'un changement d'attitude sont minimisés. On discute les résultats.

Resumen Teorías clásicas sobre consistencia cognitiva recientemente han sido exploradas como procesos no solo intraindividuales, pero también influenciados por aspectos grupales. Reconociendo la tendencia humana al engrandecimiento personal y grupal y la teoría unificada de la cognición social implícita, informaciones negativas sobre el endogrupo tienen el potencial para generar inconsistencia por intermedio de la disonancia cognitiva y del desequilibrio. Para probar las funciones de protección de la consistencia cognitiva contra amenazas a la evaluación positiva del endogrupo, la autoestima de 156 participantes fue medida antes y después de la manipulación experimental de amenaza o neutra. No hubo diferencia significativa en la autoestima de los participantes, o en el estado afectivo. En los grupos experimentales, aunque consideraban los comportamientos como negativos, muchos dijeron que era astucia y el jeitinho brasileiro. Investigaciones sobre disonancia indican que cuando el objetivo de la redacción contra actitudinal es una norma cultural, los efectos de la disonancia y la posibilidad de cambio de actitud son minimizados. Resultados son discutidos.

Abstract Classical theories on cognitive consistency have recently been explored not only as intraindividual processes, but influenced by group aspects. Given the human tendency to personal and group enhancement and the unified theory of implicit social cognition, negative information about the ingroup has the potential of generating inconsistency through cognitive dissonance and imbalance. To test the protective functions of cognitive consistency considering the threats to the positive evaluation of the ingroup, 156 participants underwent pre- and post-test of self-esteem and by neutral or threat experimental manipulation. There was no significant difference in participants' self-esteem nor in their affective state. In experimental groups, although behaviors were pointed as negative, many claimed to be cunning and the jeitinho brasileiro (the Brazilian way of doing things). Research on dissonance point that, when the object of counterattidudinal writing is a cultural norm, the effects of dissonance and the possibility of change in attitude are minimized. Results will be discussed.

Julgamento moral do aborto: influência da atitude prévia, princípios deontológicos e utilitaristas / Abortion moral judgement: influence of previous attitude, deonthological and utilitarian principles / Juicio moral del aborto: influencia de la actitud previa, principios deontológicos y utilitaristas

Julgamentos morais fazem parte do cotidiano das pessoas e processos cognitivos são utilizados como base para a formulação de um julgamento moral. Este trabalho tem como objetivo mensurar o efeito covariante da atitude prévia em relação a um tema moral na relação entre a sobrecarga cognitiva e o julgamento de um cenário moral. O Experimento 1 testou a relação direta entre princípios morais (i.e., deontológico e utilitarista) e sobrecarga cognitiva em uma tarefa de julgamento moral. No Experimento 2, foi testada a interferência da atitude prévia em tarefa de julgamento moral. Em ambos os experimentos, a amostra foi composta por estudantes universitário, em sua maioria homens. Os resultados sugerem que a sobrecarga cognitiva induz um julgamento de origem deontológica e que a atitude prévia em relação a um objeto moral interfere significativamente na tarefa de julgamento moral independente do cenário. (AU)

Moral judgments are part of everyday life and cognitive processes are used as a basis for formulating them. The objective of this study is to measure the covariant effect of prior attitude toward a moral issue in the relationship between cognitive overload and judgment of a moral issue. The first experiment tests the direct relationship between moral principles (i.e. deontological and utilitarian) and cognitive overload in a moral judgment task. The second experiment tests the interference of prior attitude in a moral judgment task. In both experiments the sample was composed by undergraduate students, mostly men. The results suggest that cognitive overload induces a deontological judgment and that prior attitude toward a moral object interferes significantly in the moral judgment task, regardless of the context. (AU)

Juicios morales hacen parte de lo cotidiano de las personas y procesos cognitivos son utilizados como base para la formulación de un juicio moral. Este estudio tiene como objetivo medir el efecto covariable de la actitud previa con relación a un tema moral en la relación entre la sobrecarga cognitiva y el juicio de un escenario moral. El primer experimento pone a prueba la relación directa entre los principios morales (i.e. deontológico y utilitarista) y sobrecarga cognitiva en una tarea de juicio moral. El segundo experimento pone a prueba la interferencia de la actitud previa en la tarea de juicio moral. En ambos experimentos la muestra fue compuesta por estudiantes universitarios, en su mayoría hombres. Los resultados sugieren que la sobrecarga cognitiva induce a un juicio de origen deontológico y que la actitud previa con relación a un objeto moral interfiere significativamente en la tarea de juicio moral independiente del escenario. (AU)

The No-Effect of Player Role in Digital Games on Prosocial Behavior / Ausência de Efeito do Papel do Jogador de Jogos Digitais no Comportamento Prosocial / La Ausencia de Efecto de la Función del Jugador de Videojuegos en el Comportamiento Prosocial

Abstract In the past few years, several studies addressed the relation between game content and prosocial behavior. Although several evidences were found, the relation between those variables is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different roles played on prosocial behavior. In experiment 1, participants played either a violent or a prosocial role on the same game, and helping behavior and intention were measured. Results did not show the expected relation based on the evidence of the literature. In order to further investigate the evidence found, a second experiment was designed to test the effect of role played on both prosocial behavior and accessibility to prosocial thoughts. Again, results were not consistent with previous studies. Both experiments suggest the consideration of alternative interpretations, and raise questions about the relevance of the role played, game content and moderation variables on the explanation of this effect.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, diversos estudos enfocaram a relação entre o conteúdo de jogos e o comportamento prosocial. Apesar de várias evidências terem sido encontradas, a relação entre tais variáveis não é completamente compreendida. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o efeito de diferentes papéis jogados no comportamento prosocial. No experimento 1, participantes jogaram ou um papel violento ou um prosocial em um mesmo jogo, e comportamento e intenção de ajuda foram mensurados. Os resultados não evidenciaram a relação esperada em função das evidências da literatura. Com o intuito de investigar mais a fundo as evidências encontradas, um segundo experimento foi concebido para testar o efeito do papel jogado tanto no comportamento prosocial quanto na acessibilidade a cognições prosociais. Novamente, os resultados não foram consistentes com estudos anteriores. Ambos os experimentos sugerem a consideração de explicações alternativas, e levantam questões acerca da relevância do papel jogado, do conteúdo do jogo e de variáveis de moderação na explicação deste efeito.

Resumen En los últimos años, muchos estudios se centran en la relación entre el contenido de los juegos y el comportamiento prosocial. Aunque se han encontrado varias evidencias, la relación entre estas variables no se entiende por completo. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el efecto de diferentes funciones que desempeñan en el comportamiento prosocial. En el Experimento 1, los participantes desempeñan un papel o violento o prosocial en el mismo juego, y se midieron el comportamiento y la intención de ayudar. Los resultados no muestran la relación esperada sobre la base de evidencia de la literatura. Experimento 2 fue diseñado para investigar el efecto de la función que desempeña tanto en la conducta prosocial y la accesibilidad de las cogniciones prosociales. Una vez más, los resultados no fueron consistentes con estudios previos. Ambos experimentos sugieren la consideración de explicaciones alternativas, y plantean preguntas sobre la relevancia del papel que desempeñan, el contenido del juego y las variables moderadoras en la explicación de este efecto.

“Nem todas as vítimas importam”: crenças no mundo justo, relações intergrupais e responsabilização de vítimas / “Not all victims matter”: belief in a just world, intergroup relations and victim blaming / “Ni todas las victimas importan”: creencia en el mundo justo, relaciones intergrupales y reponsabilizacion de victimas

A presente pesquisa investigou o processo de responsabilização de vítimas no contexto das relações intergrupais a partir da hipótese do mundo justo. Em dois estudos testamos a influência da categoria social da vítima na relação entre crenças no mundo justo (CMJ) explícita\ implícita e a responsabilização de vítimas. No Estudo 1, 102 participantes responderam a medidas explícita e implícita da CMJ e avaliaram o grau de responsabilidade de uma vítima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida. No Estudo 2, além da manipulação da categoria social da vítima, incluímos uma manipulação de carga cognitiva. Foram 110 participantes que responderam às medidas da CMJ e avaliaram a responsabilidade de uma vítima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida em uma situação de carga cognitiva (baixa X alta). Verificou-se que a categoria social da vítima interfere na relação da CMJ com a responsabilização. Quando a CMJ explícita ou implícita explicou a responsabilização, esse efeito foi restrito para a avaliação da vítima do endogrupo. Os achados da presente pesquisa corroboram a hipótese que vítimas do endogrupo são mais ameaçadoras para a CMJ dos indivíduos, indicando a importância de considerar a categoria social da vítima para um adequado entendimento da hipótese do mundo justo.(AU)

The present research investigated the process of victim blaming in the context of intergroup relations through the just world hypothesis. In two studies we tested the infl uence of the victim’s social category in the relationship between explicit and implicit beliefs in a just world (BJW) and victim blaming. In Study 1, 102 participants answered the explicit and implicit measures of BJW and evaluated how much a stray bullet victim (ingroup X outgroup) was to blame. In Study 2, aside from the manipulation of victim social category, we included a manipulation of cognitive load. 110 participants answered the BJW measures and evaluated how much a stray bullet victim (ingroup X outgroup) was to blame in a situation of cognitive load (low X high). It was verifi ed that the victim’s social category interferes in the relationship between BJW and victim blaming. When explicit or implicit BJW explained blaming, that effect was restricted to the evaluation of an ingroup victim. The fi ndings of the present research confi rm the hypothesis that ingroup victims are more threatening to individual’s BJW and indicate the importance of considering the victim’s social category for a more adequate understanding of the just world hypothesis.(AU)

Esta investigación examino’ el proceso de responsabilizacion de victimas en el contexto de las relaciones intergrupales a partir de la hipótesis del mundo justo. En dos estudios investigamos la infl uencia de la categoría social de la víctima en la relación entre creencias en el mundo justo (CMJ) explicita/implícita y la responsabilizacion de victimas. En el Estudio 1, 102 participantes respondieron medidas explicita y implícita de CMJ y evaluaron el grado de responsabilidad de una víctima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida. En el Estudio 2, además de la manipulación de categoría social de la víctima, incluimos una manipulación de carga cognitiva. 110 participantes respondieron las medidas de la CMJ y evaluaron la responsabilidad de una víctima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida en una situación de carga cognitiva (baja X alta). Fue encontrado que la categoría social de la víctima interfi ere en la relación de la CMJ con la responsabilizacion. Cuando la CMJ explícita o implícita explicó la responsabilizacion, este efecto fue restricto a la evaluación de la víctima del endogrupo. Los resultados de esta investigación confi rman la hipótesis de que víctimas del endogrupo son más amenazantes para la CMJ de los individuos y indican la importancia de considerar la categoría social de la victima para una comprensión adecuada de la hipótesis del mundo justo. (AU)

"Nem todas as vítimas importam": crenças no mundo justo, relações intergrupais e responsabilização de vítimas / "Not all victims matter": belief in a just world, intergroup relations and victim blaming / "Ni todas las victimas importan": creencia en el mundo justo, relaciones intergrupales y reponsabilizacion de victimas

A presente pesquisa investigou o processo de responsabilização de vítimas no contexto das relações intergrupais a partir da hipótese do mundo justo. Em dois estudos testamos a influência da categoria social da vítima na relação entre crenças no mundo justo (CMJ) explícita/ implícita e a responsabilização de vítimas. No Estudo 1, 102 participantes responderam a medidas explícita e implícita da CMJ e avaliaram o grau de responsabilidade de uma vítima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida. No Estudo 2, além da manipulação da categoria social da vítima, incluímos uma manipulação de carga cognitiva. Foram 110 participantes que responderam às medidas da CMJ e avaliaram a responsabilidade de uma vítima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida em uma situação de carga cognitiva (baixa X alta). Verificou-se que a categoria social da vítima interfere na relação da CMJ com a responsabilização. Quando a CMJ explícita ou implícita explicou a responsabilização, esse efeito foi restrito para a avaliação da vítima do endogrupo. Os achados da presente pesquisa corroboram a hipótese que vítimas do endogrupo são mais ameaçadoras para a CMJ dos indivíduos, indicando a importância de considerar a categoria social da vítima para um adequado entendimento da hipótese do mundo justo.

The present research investigated the process of victim blaming in the context of intergroup relations through the just world hypothesis. In two studies we tested the influence of the victim's social category in the relationship between explicit and implicit beliefs in a just world (BJW) and victim blaming. In Study 1, 102 participants answered the explicit and implicit measures of BJW and evaluated how much a stray bullet victim (ingroup X outgroup) was to blame. In Study 2, aside from the manipulation of victim social category, we included a manipulation of cognitive load. 110 participants answered the BJW measures and evaluated how much a stray bullet victim (ingroup X outgroup) was to blame in a situation of cognitive load (low X high). It was verified that the victim's social category interferes in the relationship between BJW and victim blaming. When explicit or implicit BJW explained blaming, that effect was restricted to the evaluation of an ingroup victim. The findings of the present research confirm the hypothesis that ingroup victims are more threatening to individual's BJW and indicate the importance of considering the victim's social category for a more adequate understanding of the just world hypothesis.

Esta investigación examino' el proceso de responsabilizacion de victimas en el contexto de las relaciones intergrupales a partir de la hipótesis del mundo justo. En dos estudios investigamos la influencia de la categoría social de la víctima en la relación entre creencias en el mundo justo (CMJ) explicita/implícita y la responsabilizacion de victimas. En el Estudio 1, 102 participantes respondieron medidas explicita y implícita de CMJ y evaluaron el grado de responsabilidad de una víctima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida. En el Estudio 2, además de la manipulación de categoría social de la víctima, incluimos una manipulación de carga cognitiva. 110 participantes respondieron las medidas de la CMJ y evaluaron la responsabilidad de una víctima (endogrupo X exogrupo) de bala perdida en una situación de carga cognitiva (baja X alta). Fue encontrado que la categoría social de la víctima interfiere en la relación de la CMJ con la responsabilizacion. Cuando la CMJ explícita o implícita explicó la responsabilizacion, este efecto fue restricto a la evaluación de la víctima del endogrupo. Los resultados de esta investigación confirman la hipótesis de que víctimas del endogrupo son más amenazantes para la CMJ de los individuos y indican la importancia de considerar la categoría social de la victima para una comprensión adecuada de la hipótesis del mundo justo.

Escala pessoal de crenças no mundo justo: adaptação e evidências de validade / Personal belief in a just world scale: adaptation and evidence of validity / Escala personal de creencias en el mundo justo: adaptación y evidencias de validez

As crenças no mundo justo (CMJ) têm permitido a compreensão de uma série de fenômenos sociais, o que tem levado ao desenvolvimento de medidas para sua mensuração. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar evidências de validade de uma versão adaptada da Escala Pessoal de CMJ (CMJ-P). 146 participantes, em sua maioria mulheres (69%), com idades variando de 17 a 66 anos (M = 27,79, DP = 13,67) responderam ao instrumento de CMJ-P, a quatro escalas (CMJ-global, autoestima, bem-estar, religiosidade) para o teste de validade convergente e informaram dados sociodemográficos. Assim como no estudo original, foi encontrada uma solução unifatorial e consistência interna satisfatória (α = 0,83). Adicionalmente, como esperado, foram encontrados relacionamentos positivos da CMJ-P com CMJ-G, autoestima e bem-estar, mas apenas marginalmente significativo com a religiosidade. Verificou-se ainda relação positiva da CMJ-P com a renda e nível de escolaridade. Esta versão adaptada demonstra-se adequada para uso em pesquisas.

Belief in a just world (BJW) has allowed for the comprehension of a series of social phenomena, which has lead to the development of measures for its measurement. The present article has the aim to present evidence of validity for a Portuguese version of Personal BJW Scale (BJW-P). 146 participants, most of them women (69%), with ages varying from 17 to 66 years (M = 27.79, DP = 13.67) answered PBJWP scale, four other scales (BJW-global, self-esteem, well-being, religiosity) for the convergent validity test and informed socio-demographic data. As in the original study, a uni-factorial solution and satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.83) were found. Additionally, as expected, positive relations were found between PBJW and GBJW, self-esteem, and well-being, but only marginally significant with religiosity. Furthermore, positive relations of PBJW with income, as well as education, were found. The adapted version seems useful for research purposes.

Las creencias en un mundo justo (CMJ) han permitido la comprensión de una serie de fenómenos sociales, que han llevado al desarrollo de medidas para su medición. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar evidencias de validez de una versión adaptada de la Escala Personal de CMJ (CMJ-P). Participaron 146 personas, en su mayoría mujeres (69%), con edades entre 17 a 66 años (M = 27,79, DP = 13,67) que respondieron el instrumento de CMJ-P, a cuatro escalas (CMJ-global, autoestima, bienestar, religiosidad) para el test de validez convergente e informaron datos sociodemográficos. Así como en el estudio original, se encontró una solución unifactorial y consistencia interna satisfactoria (α=0,83). Además, se encontraron relaciones positivas de la CMJ-P con la CMJ-G, autoestima y bienestar, pero sólo marginalmente significativa con la religiosidad. Se encontró también, una relación positiva de la CMJ-P con los ingresos y el nivel de escolaridad. Esta versión adaptada es adecuada para su uso en investigaciones.